Showing posts with label Medical. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Medical. Show all posts
Wednesday, 5 October 2016
Palpitation
What is palpitation?
These palpitations may feel particularly unpleasant
Normal heart rhythms
Normal electrical signals in the heart
While you are resting, your heart’s pacemaker
quickly and powerfully to pump out more blood, to
“My heart sometimes seems to have an
supraventricular tachycardia.
There are two main types of supraventricular tachycardia
1-AVNRT (atrioventricular nodal re-entranttachycardia)
usually involves the AV node
2-AVRT (atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia)
happens when there is an abnormal
connection between the atria and the
ventricles. This is often seen in people who
have Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
If you have AVNRT or AVRT, you may need to be
referred to a specialist centre for more detailed
tests and treatment.
Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia is a condition where there
is an abnormally fast rate – between 120 and 200
beats a minute – in the ventricles (the two lower
chambers of the heart). This may be caused
by increased activity of the electrical impulses to
the ventricles.
This condition usually happens as a complication of
a heart condition, but it is also sometimes seen in
otherwise healthy people. The attacks may last for
just a few seconds or minutes, or may continue for
some hours. The first symptoms may be faintness,
or fast, regular palpitations with breathlessness and
sometimes chest pain. An electrocardiogram
(ECG) will show whether it is ventricular tachycardia or another type of abnormal heart rhythm
Anyone with symptoms needs to get medical
help immediately as it might be necessary to
have an injection, or an electric shock
(cardioversion), to stop the attack. However,
many attacks of ventricular tachycardia do stop
on their own.
Your doctor may give you a drug to help prevent
future attacks. You may need to have an
electrophysiological study to help your doctors
plan the best way of managing your tachycardia.
This test is described on page 22.
If the drugs are not effective and you continue to
have frequent attacks, your doctor may suggest
another form of treatment. This could be one of
the following.
• Having an ICD implanted. ICD stands for
implantable cardioverter defibrillator. An ICD
continually monitors your heart rhythm and
delivers an electrical impulse or shock
whenever you have a ventricular tachycardia
attack, and returns the heart to its normal
rhythm.
• Catheter ablation therapy, which identifies and
removes or destroys the affected area which is
causing the abnormal rhythm.
These treatments a are described on pages 25-28.
The choice of treatment depends on your
condition. However, these treatments are not
suitable for everyone.
Angioplasty
Angioplasty is one potential treatment for vascular disease and blocked or narrow arteries.It may be recommended to treat blockages within your arteries. An angioplasty is performed when a very thin wire and a small balloon are passed across the blockage in your artery. The balloon is inflated to push the plaque apart. An angioplasty is using a balloon to expand and dilate a narrowed or blocked vessel. Not all vessel bloackages are best treated with an angioplasty. The JVI is committed to having the latest in technology that can allow endovascular techniques such as angioplsty to be available to patients.It may be recommended to treat blockages within your arteries. An angioplasty is performed when a very thin wire and a small balloon are passed across the blockage in your artery. The balloon is inflated to push the plaque apart.
While the balloon is inflated, you may feel some cramping pain. This is only temporary and will go away once the balloon is deflated. After the balloon is deflated, the blockages will be smaller, allowing blood to flow.
How Angioplasty performed
Your body isn’t cut open except for a very small incision in the skin over a blood vessel in the leg, arm or wrist through which a small, thin tube (catheter) is threaded and the procedure performed. Angioplasty can take 30 minutes to several hours, depending on the difficulty and number of blockages and whether any complications arise.
What Is a Stent?
A stent is a small mesh tube that’s used to treat narrow or weak arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from your heart to other parts of your body.
In the late 1970s, doctors began using balloon angioplasty to treat narrowed coronary arteries. During this procedure, a very thin, long, balloon-tipped tube, called a catheter, is inserted into an artery in either the groin or arm and is moved to the site of the blockage with help from an X-ray. The balloon at the tip of the catheter is then inflated to compress the blockage and restore blood flow, and then it’s deflated to allow the catheter and balloon to be removed.
How Angiplasty works
Angioplasties may be done to expand a partially blocked artery or during or after a heart attack when the need to open blocked vessels is critical.
During an angioplasty, a small balloon at the end of the catheter is inflated, sometimes several times, to widen the artery. This typically reduces blockage from 70-90% to about 20-30%. When the artery is widened, a stent, a tiny coil of wire mesh, only about three quarters of an inch long, is often inserted into the artery to keep it from narrowing again. The balloon is again inflated and the stent springs open. The balloon catheter is removed and the stent remains permanently in place. Drug-eluting stents are coated with medication and may be used to prevent clot formation and restenosis (renarrowing of the artery).
Most angioplasty patients stay in the hospital overnight. Typically, aspirin or another medication is prescribed to keep the blood from clotting. If a stent has been implanted, clopidrel will usually be prescribed to keep clots from forming inside the stent.
A successful angioplasty will immediately relieve chest pain, increase blood flow to your heart and throughout your body, and give you more energy. But angioplasty is only one alternative for treating blocked arteries. Other options are drug therapy to dissolve clots, or coronary artery bypass graft surgery, especially for patients with small arteries or with multiple or severe blockages.
Frequently Asked Questions:
1. How does an angioplasty work?
Answer: Angioplasty uses a high pressure ballon of a diameter close to that of the intended target vessel. By expandning the balloon, the atherosclerotic plaque is disrupted and remodeled into a larger lumen. This is done via a catheter and guidewire placed into your vessels. Typical patients can go home the same day if an angioplasty is all that is required.
2. Where does an angioplasty work the best?
Answer: Angioplasty works best in large vessels with short, even narrowings. As a vessel becomes smaller (as in the smaller vessels in the leg), completely blocked (or occluded), unevenly narrowed, or the lesions become longer, an angioplasty has less benefit.
3. How can an angioplasty not work?
Answer: An angioplasty can fail immediately by causing a vessel to ‘dissect’, or split on the inside. It also can not break the hardened artery in a way that does not recoil. Over time, an angioplasty can narrow down from scarring on the inside, or from progression of your hardening of the arteries from continued Atherosclerosis. This is especially so if you are a smoker of tobacco and continue to smoke!
4. What can be done if an angioplasty is not successful?
Answer: Some vessel angioplasties can be salvaged for a good outcome with the placement of a Stent. A Stent is a mettalic mesh frame in the shape of a tube that is of similar size to your actual vessel. This can correct for the dissections that occur. Stents also decrease elastic recoil of the vessel. Stents as a primary mode for angioplasty have not been shown to increase long term patency however. The stented vessel is still subject to internal scarring and progressive hardening of your arteries. Many times a patient who cannot get a satisfactory result from an angioplasty can be treated by a bypass operation
Answer: Angioplasty uses a high pressure ballon of a diameter close to that of the intended target vessel. By expandning the balloon, the atherosclerotic plaque is disrupted and remodeled into a larger lumen. This is done via a catheter and guidewire placed into your vessels. Typical patients can go home the same day if an angioplasty is all that is required.
2. Where does an angioplasty work the best?
Answer: Angioplasty works best in large vessels with short, even narrowings. As a vessel becomes smaller (as in the smaller vessels in the leg), completely blocked (or occluded), unevenly narrowed, or the lesions become longer, an angioplasty has less benefit.
3. How can an angioplasty not work?
Answer: An angioplasty can fail immediately by causing a vessel to ‘dissect’, or split on the inside. It also can not break the hardened artery in a way that does not recoil. Over time, an angioplasty can narrow down from scarring on the inside, or from progression of your hardening of the arteries from continued Atherosclerosis. This is especially so if you are a smoker of tobacco and continue to smoke!
4. What can be done if an angioplasty is not successful?
Answer: Some vessel angioplasties can be salvaged for a good outcome with the placement of a Stent. A Stent is a mettalic mesh frame in the shape of a tube that is of similar size to your actual vessel. This can correct for the dissections that occur. Stents also decrease elastic recoil of the vessel. Stents as a primary mode for angioplasty have not been shown to increase long term patency however. The stented vessel is still subject to internal scarring and progressive hardening of your arteries. Many times a patient who cannot get a satisfactory result from an angioplasty can be treated by a bypass operation
5. How come my heart vessels can get an angioplasty, but my leg vessel cannot?
Answer: A patient who has a coronary angioplsty is receiving treatment for a different problem – Coronary Artery Disease. Every vessel in your body is a little different. It may be bigger, smaller, in an area with a lot of movement, or more involved with hardeining of the arteries. At the JVI, our caridologists can and do perform coronary vessel angioplasties for many patients. There are also many times where a patient is better served with a heart bypass rather than balloon angioplasty. This can also be the case in treating your legs or carotid arteries.
Answer: A patient who has a coronary angioplsty is receiving treatment for a different problem – Coronary Artery Disease. Every vessel in your body is a little different. It may be bigger, smaller, in an area with a lot of movement, or more involved with hardeining of the arteries. At the JVI, our caridologists can and do perform coronary vessel angioplasties for many patients. There are also many times where a patient is better served with a heart bypass rather than balloon angioplasty. This can also be the case in treating your legs or carotid arteries.
Function OF Kidneys & Water Intake
Kidneys
Kidneys are essential to having a healthy body. The most important function of kidney filtering waste products, excess water, and other impurities out of the blood.The waste products are stored in the bladder and later expelled from the body as urine.
The main function of kidney is to filter waste products and excess water from blood through urine, but kidneys also regulate pH, salt, and potassium levels in the body, and they produce hormones that regulate blood pressure and control the production of red blood cells. The kidneys are also responsible for activating a form of vitamin D that helps the body absorb calcium to build bones and modulate muscle function.
Water Intake
How much fluid should we drink to help keep kidneys healthy?
The human body can last weeks without food, but only days without fluid. It has no way to store the fluid it needs to replenish the blood, in order for body functions to work properly, to make up for losses from lungs, skin, urine and faeces. Fluid regulates your body’s temperature through perspiration, the kidney removes waste via urine and carries nutrients and other substances throughout the body.
So what should we drink?
Fresh supplies of fluid are needed every day, however, there is no set amount to drink each day to avoid dehydration. Water is the recommended fluid to satisfy thirst and is nature’s choice. It is calorie-free, inexpensive and readily available and choosing to drink water instead will have a positive impact on your health. It can also contain fluoride which is good for teeth.
Listen to your thirst – and keep in mind that the right level of fluid intake for any individual depends on many factors including gender, exercise, climate, health conditions, pregnancy and breast feeding. People who have already had a kidney stone are advised to drink 2 to 3 litres of water daily to lessen the risk of forming a new stone.
What can you do for your kidneys?
Kidney diseases are silent killers, which will largely affect your quality of life. There are however several easy ways to reduce the risk of developing kidney disease.
Kidney diseases are silent killers, which will largely affect your quality of life. There are however several easy ways to reduce the risk of developing kidney disease.
Keep fit and active
Keeping fit helps to reduce your blood pressure and therefore reduces the risk of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Keeping fit helps to reduce your blood pressure and therefore reduces the risk of Chronic Kidney Disease.
The concept “on the move for kidney health” is a worldwide collective march involving the public, celebrities and professionals moving across a public area by walking, running and cycling. Why not join them – by whatever means you prefer! Check out the events section of the WKD website for more information.
Keep regular control of your blood sugar level
About half of people who have diabetes develop kidney damage, so it is important for people with diabetes to have regular tests to check their kidney functions.
About half of people who have diabetes develop kidney damage, so it is important for people with diabetes to have regular tests to check their kidney functions.
Kidney damage from diabetes can be reduced or prevented if detected early. It is important to keep control of blood sugar levels with the help of doctors or pharmacists, who are always happy to help.
Monitor your blood pressure
Although many people may be aware that high blood pressure can lead to a stroke or heart attack, few know that it is also the most common cause of kidney damage.
Although many people may be aware that high blood pressure can lead to a stroke or heart attack, few know that it is also the most common cause of kidney damage.
The normal blood pressure level is 120/80. Between this level and 139/89, you are considered prehypertensive and should adopt lifestyle and dietary changes. At 140/90 and above, you should discuss the risks with your doctor and montior your blood pressure level regularly. High blood pressure is especially likely to cause kidney damage when associated with other factors like diabetes, high cholesterol and Cardio- Vascular Diseases.
Eat healthy and keep your weight in check
This can help prevent diabetes, heart disease and other conditions associated with Chronic Kidney Disease.
This can help prevent diabetes, heart disease and other conditions associated with Chronic Kidney Disease.
Reduce your salt intake. The recommended sodium intake is 5-6 grams of salt per day (around a teaspoon). In order to reduce your salt intake, try and limit the amount of processed and restaurant food and do not add salt to food. It will be easier to control your intake if you prepare the food yourself with fresh ingredients. For more information on nutrition and kidney friendly cooking, visit our nutrition page
Maintain a healthy fluid intake
Although clinical studies have not reached an agreement on the ideal quantity of water and other fluids we should consume daily to maintain good health, traditional wisdom has long suggested drinking 1.5 to 2 litres (3 to 4 pints) of water per day.
Although clinical studies have not reached an agreement on the ideal quantity of water and other fluids we should consume daily to maintain good health, traditional wisdom has long suggested drinking 1.5 to 2 litres (3 to 4 pints) of water per day.
Consuming plenty of fluid helps the kidneys clear sodium, urea and toxins from the body which, in turn, results in a “significantly lower risk” of developing chronic kidney disease, according to researchers in Australia and Canada. The findings, the researchers said, do not advocate “aggressive fluid loading”, which can cause side effects, but they do provide evidence that moderately increased water intake, around two litres daily, may reduce the risk of decline in kidney function. It’s important to keep in mind that the right level of fluid intake for any individual depends on many factors including gender, exercise, climate, health conditions, pregnancy and breast feeding. In addition, people who have already had a kidney stone are advised to drink 2 to 3 litres of water daily to lessen the risk of forming a new stone.
Do not smoke
Smoking slows the flow of blood to the kidneys. When less blood reaches the kidneys, it impairs their ability to function properly. Smoking also increases the risk of kidney cancer by about 50 percent.
Smoking slows the flow of blood to the kidneys. When less blood reaches the kidneys, it impairs their ability to function properly. Smoking also increases the risk of kidney cancer by about 50 percent.
Do not take over-the-counter pills on a regular basis
Common drugs such non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen are known to cause kidney damage and disease if taken regularly.
Common drugs such non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen are known to cause kidney damage and disease if taken regularly.
Such medications probably do not pose significant danger if your kidneys are relatively healthy and you use them for emergencies only, but if you are dealing with chronic pain, such as arthritis or back pain, work with your doctor to find a way to control your pain without putting your kidneys at risk.
Get your kidney function checked if you have one or more of the ‘high risk’ factors
1-you have diabetes
2-you have hypertension
3-you are obese
4-one of your parents or other family members suffers from kidney disease
5-you are of African, Asian, or Aboriginal origin
2-you have hypertension
3-you are obese
4-one of your parents or other family members suffers from kidney disease
5-you are of African, Asian, or Aboriginal origin
Fasting Effects On Human Body
Ramadan is the holiest month in the Islamic calendar and Muslims fast during this month.
Meaning: Derived from “RAMADHA”, literally means “intense heat”. The possible reasons for this meaning:
1. When the Islamic months were enforced the month of fasting coincided with the summer months of intense heat.
1. When the Islamic months were enforced the month of fasting coincided with the summer months of intense heat.
2. The second reason which has been mentioned is that due to fasting the temperature within the stomach increases, again the element of heat is a factor behind the actual naming of RAMADAN.
3. It has also been said that “RAMADHAA” is one of the names of Allah Ta’aalaa. If that is the case then the month has acquired the name due to the fact that Allah Ta’aalaa burns away accumulated sins and eliminates then from the list of unlawful deeds. Once again the burning sins cannonades “HEAT”. However. it should be acknowledged that this reasoning is not wholly reliable.
Blessings:
Hadhrat Salmaan (R.A) reports that on the last day of Sha’baan the Messenger of Allah Ta’aalaa addressed then and said, “Oh people, there comes before you now a great month, a most blessed month in which lies a night more greater in virtue than 1,000 months; (LAYLATUL-QADR). It is a month in which each day should be observed by fasting, this has been made obligatory by the Almighty Allah.”
Blessings:
Hadhrat Salmaan (R.A) reports that on the last day of Sha’baan the Messenger of Allah Ta’aalaa addressed then and said, “Oh people, there comes before you now a great month, a most blessed month in which lies a night more greater in virtue than 1,000 months; (LAYLATUL-QADR). It is a month in which each day should be observed by fasting, this has been made obligatory by the Almighty Allah.”
Islamic Refrences
On the authority of Al-Miqdaam ibn Maadiy-Karib who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah saying:
“No human ever filled a vessel worse than the stomach. Sufficient for any son of Adam are some morsels to keep his back straight. But if it must be, then one third for his food, one third for his drink and one third for his breath.”
(Ahmad, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasaa’I, Ibn Majah )
Who Is Excused From Fasting In Islam
Praise be to Allaah.
One of the ways in which Allaah has made things easy for His slaves is that He has only enjoined fasting upon those who are able to do it, and He has excused those who are unable to fast for a legitimate shar’i reason. The legitimate reasons for which one may be excused from fasting are as follows:
One of the ways in which Allaah has made things easy for His slaves is that He has only enjoined fasting upon those who are able to do it, and He has excused those who are unable to fast for a legitimate shar’i reason. The legitimate reasons for which one may be excused from fasting are as follows:
1 – Sickness
Sickness means everything that means that a person is not healthy.
Ibn Qudaamah said: the scholars are agreed that it is permissible for the sick person not to fast in general. The basis of that is the aayah in which Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning):
“but if any of you is ill or on a journey, the same number (should be made up) from other days”[al-Baqarah 2:184]
It was narrated that Salamah ibn al-Akwa’ (may Allaah be pleased with him) said: “When this aayah was revealed – ‘And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)’ [al-Baqarah 2:184 – interpretation of the meaning] – those who wanted not to fast could do that, and pay the fidyah (i.e., feed one poor person for each day). That remained the case until the following aayah was revealed, i.e., the verse:
‘And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)’
[al-Baqarah 2:185 – interpretation of the meaning] – so it abrogated it.”
The sick person who fears that fasting may make his sickness worse or that it will slow down his recovery or damage a part of his body, has the option of not fasting, and indeed it is Sunnah for him not to fast and it is makrooh for him to complete his fast, because that may lead to his death. So he has to be cautious and protect himself. Moreover, if the sick person is very ill, that makes it permissible for him not to fast. But if a healthy person fears difficulty or tiredness, it is not permissible for him to break his fast, if all that happens to him when he fasts is that he becomes tired.
2 – Travelling
In order for traveling to result in a concession excusing one from fasting, the following conditions must be met:
a- The journey must be long enough that prayers may be shortened.
b- The traveler must not intend to settle in the place to which he travels.
c- His journey must not be for any sinful purpose, rather it should be for a sound purpose, according to the majority of scholars. That is because being allowed not to fast is a concession and relief that the sinner does not deserve on his journey, because the purpose of his journey is to commit sin – such as one who travels in order to commit banditry, for example.
Cancellation of the concession for traveling:
This concession of traveling is cancelled by two things:
(i) When the traveler returns home and enters his hometown, which is the place where he resides.
(ii) When the traveler decides to stay indefinitely, or for a lengthy period in one place, and the place is fit for settling in. Thus he becomes a resident (or non-traveller), so he should pray his prayers in full and not break his fast in Ramadaan, because the rulings on travel no longer apply to him.
3 – Pregnancy and breastfeeding
The fuqaha’ are agreed that pregnant and breastfeeding women may break their fast in Ramadaan, on the condition that they think there is a risk that they or their children may become ill or more ill, or be harmed or may die. The evidence for this concession in their case is the aayah (interpretation of the meaning:
“and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one did not observe Sawm (fasts) must be made up] from other days”[al-Baqarah 2:185]
This does not refer to merely being sick, for the sick person who will not be harmed by fasting is not allowed to break the fast; here sickness is mentioned as a metaphor for any situation where fasting when sick may cause harm. This is what is meant by sickness here. That may be the case in pregnancy and when breastfeeding, so these two cases are included in the concession of breaking the fast. The evidence that women in these cases are allowed not to fast is the hadeeth of Anas ibn Maalik al-Ka’bi (may Allaah be pleased with him), who said that the Messenger of Allaah (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: “Allaah has relieved the traveler of fasting and half of prayer, and He has relieved the pregnant and breastfeeding woman of fasting.”
4 – Senility and old age
Senility and old age refers to one who is old and has lost his strength, or who is approaching death, so that every day he becomes weaker, until he dies, or who is suffering from a terminal or incurable illness and has no hope of recovery. The evidence that it is prescribed for such people not to fast is the aayah (interpretation of the meaning):
“And as for those who can fast with difficulty, (e.g. an old man), they have (a choice either to fast or) to feed a Miskeen (poor person) (for every day)”[al-Baqarah 2:184]
Ibn ‘Abbaas (may Allaah be pleased with him) said that this aayah has not been abrogated, and it applies to old men and old women who cannot fast, so for each day they should feed one poor person.
5 – Intense hunger and thirst
If a person is overtaken by intense hunger or unbearable thirst, then he should break his fast and eat just as much as he needs to ward off that hunger, then he should refrain from eating for the rest of the day, and make up that fast later on.
The scholars added to intense hunger and thirst the fear of weakness when meeting the enemy, or fearing or expecting an attack, such as when one is surrounded. So if a fighter knows for sure or thinks it most likely that there will be fighting because he is facing the enemy, and he fears that fasting may make him weak when fighting, and he is not traveling, then he may break his fast before fighting.
6 – Compulsion
Compulsion means one person forcing another to do something or not to do something against his will, by means of threats.
Effects Of Ramadan On Health
Metabolisem
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran evaluated weight, body mass index (BMI), glucose, triglyceride (TG), cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), before and after Ramadan.
The changes of metabolic profile and weight during Ramadan fasting.
The changes of metabolic profile and weight during Ramadan fasting.
Body weight and BMI both decreased during Ramadan fasting in both genders. Glucose and HDL decreased and LDL increased significantly during fasting in Ramadan, but there was no significant change in total cholesterol, TG and VLDL. We did not find any association between TG, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL and the following variables: sex, body weight changes, and two or three instances of meals before Ramadan. Triglyceride level also increased in students with normal BMI while it decreased in overweight subjects.
This study indicated that Ramadan fasting led to a decrease in glucose and weight. Although there was a significant reduction in meal frequency, a significant increase in LDL and decrease in HDL was noted during Ramadan. It seems that the effect of Ramadan fasting on serum lipid levels may be closely related to the nutritional diet or biochemical response to starvation.
This study indicated that Ramadan fasting led to a decrease in glucose and weight. Although there was a significant reduction in meal frequency, a significant increase in LDL and decrease in HDL was noted during Ramadan. It seems that the effect of Ramadan fasting on serum lipid levels may be closely related to the nutritional diet or biochemical response to starvation.
Type II Diabetes
One more evaluation was done To evaluate the effects of fasting on anthropometric indices and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with type II diabetes.
Diabetes clinic, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran during Ramadan 1419 (winter 1998-99)
Fifty-seven volunteers with type II diabetes underwent anthropometric and biochemical evaluation before and on the 14th and 28th days of Ramadan. Biochemical markers were measured by standard laboratory methods and anthropometric indices by WHO criteria. Statistical analysis was done by ANOVA for repeated measurements and Friedman’s two-way ANOVA using SPSSv6 software.
RESULTS:
Daily cholesterol intake increased in all subjects (p<0.03). Body mass index increased in women (p<0.03), but BMI and waist-hip ratio both decreased in men (p<0.01). Blood pressure, fasting blood glucose and serum fructosamine did not change during the study. Plasma insulin (p<0.05), C-peptide (p<0.01) and insulin resistance (p<0.01) decreased only in men. Total and LDL cholesterol increased significantly in all subjects during the study.
CONCLUSION:
Ramadan fasting does not alter carbohydrate metabolism or tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with type II diabetes given appropriate dietary education and rescheduling of oral hypoglycaemic medication. Lipid profile is unfavourably altered due to changes in both diet and biochemical response to starvation.
CONCLUSION:
Ramadan fasting does not alter carbohydrate metabolism or tissue insulin sensitivity in patients with type II diabetes given appropriate dietary education and rescheduling of oral hypoglycaemic medication. Lipid profile is unfavourably altered due to changes in both diet and biochemical response to starvation.
Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners.
The Ramadan fasting (RF) period is associated with changes in sleep habits and increased sleepiness, which may affect physical performance in athletes, and may induce metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory disturbances. In 8 middle-distance athletes (25.0 +/- 1.3 years), a maximal aerobic velocity (MAV) test was performed 5 days before RF (day -5), and on days 7 and 21 of RF. The same days, saliva samples were collected to determine cortisol and testosterone concentrations before and after the MAV test. Blood samples were collected before RF (P1), at the end of RF (P2), and 1 week post RF (P3). Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a mediator of sleepiness and energy availability, were determined. We also evaluated changes in metabolic and hormonal parameters, mood state, and nutritional and sleep profiles. During RF, mean body mass and body fat did not statistically change. Compared with day -5, MAV values decreased at days 7 and 21 (p < 0.05, respectively), while testosterone/cortisol ratio values did not change significantly. Nocturnal sleep time and energy intake were lower at day 21 than before RF (day 0/P1) (p < 0.05). At the end of RF (day 31), the fatigue score on the Profile of Mood States questionnaire was increased (p < 0.001). For P2 vs. P1, IL-6 was increased (1.19 +/- 0.25 vs. 0.51 +/- 0.13 pg.mL-1; p < 0.05), melatonin levels were decreased (p < 0.05), and adrenalin and noradrenalin were increased (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). At 7 days post RF, all parameters recovered to pre-RF values. In conclusion, RF is accompanied by significant metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory changes. Sleep disturbances, energy deficiency, and fatigue during RF may decrease physical performance in Muslim athletes who maintain training. Reduction of work load and (or) daytime napping may represent adequate strategies to counteract RF effects for Muslim athletes.
Conclusion
Our study findings support that beneficial effect of Ramadan fasting in elderly patients with cardiovascular risk factors were observed in early post-fasting period including an increase of HDL-C levels and better control of glycaemia. In contrast, in the fasting period there is a risk that renal function decrease with a simultaneous increase of glycaemia which could be deleterious for diabetic patients.
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